1. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for a mateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the 19th century and then by several local geological journals in the 20th century.
    2. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.
    3. Sad to say, this project has turned out to be mostly low--level findings about factual errorsand spelling and grammar mistakes, combined with lots of head--scratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want.
    4. I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M&M wave are the same that underlie the globalization process: falling transportation and communication costs, lower trade and investment barriers and enlarged markets that require enlarged operations capable of meeting customers' demands.
    5. A lateral move that hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress promoted me to abandon my relatively high profile career although, in the manner of a disgraced government minister, I covered my exit by claiming "I wanted to spend more time with my family."
    
    ? ? ? ? ?参考译文见下一页。
    

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Q：专业地质期刊对业余人士的准入情况有什么变化？
A：总体结果是业余人士进入专业地质期刊变得更加困难，19世纪国家级期刊首先引入同行评审，20世纪一些地方地质期刊也引入，这一情况得到了强化。
Q：专业地质学家和业余地质学家在组织方面分别有什么变化？
A：专业地质学家在全国范围内聚集在一两个特定学会中，而业余地质学家要么留在地方学会，要么以不同方式在全国范围内聚集。
Q：这个项目的结果如何？
A：这个项目大多是关于事实错误、拼写和语法错误的低层次发现，还伴有对读者真正想要什么的大量困惑。
Q：推动大规模M&M浪潮的最重要力量是什么？
A：推动大规模M&M浪潮的最重要力量与全球化进程背后的力量相同，即运输和通信成本下降、贸易和投资壁垒降低以及市场扩大，这需要扩大运营能力以满足客户需求。
Q：作者为什么放弃相对高调的职业？
A：一次伤害了作者自尊并阻碍职业发展的横向调动促使作者放弃了相对高调的职业，尽管作者像一位丢脸的政府部长一样，声称想花更多时间陪伴家人来掩盖离职。
Q：19世纪哪些期刊开始引入同行评审？
A：19世纪国家级期刊首先引入同行评审。
Q：20世纪哪些期刊引入了同行评审？
A：20世纪一些地方地质期刊引入了同行评审。
Q：专业地质学家在全国范围内是如何聚集的？
A：专业地质学家在全国范围内聚集在一两个特定学会中。
Q：业余地质学家有哪两种选择？
A：业余地质学家要么留在地方学会，要么以不同方式在全国范围内聚集。
Q：作者以什么方式掩盖离职？
A：作者像一位丢脸的政府部长一样，声称想花更多时间陪伴家人来掩盖离职。