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经济及两大经济学领域

economics is a social science that studies the production, distribution, trade and consumption of goods and services.

Economics, which focuses on measurable variables, is broadly divided into two main branches: microeconomics, which deals with individual agents, such as households and businesses, and macroeconomics, which considers the economy as a whole, in which case it considers aggregate supply and demand for money, capital and commodities. Aspects receiving particular attention in economics are resource allocation, production, distribution, trade, and competition. Economic logic is increasingly applied to any problem that involves choice under scarcity or determining economic value. Mainstream economics focuses on how prices reflect supply and demand, and uses equations to predict consequences of decisions.

两大经济制度I： 资本主义经济体系

It is useful to think of the economy of a nation as tending toward one or the other of two major theoretical models. At one theoretical extreme is the purely capitalist system, which assumes that free competition produces the best allocation of scarce resources, the greatest productivity and efficiency, and the lowest costs. Decisions about who does what and who gets what are made naturally as consumers and businesses interact in the marketplace, where prices are strongly

influenced by how much something costs to make or do and how much people are willing to pay for it. Most enterprises are initiated by individuals or voluntary groups of people. When more resources are needed than are available to any one person (such as to build a factory), they may be obtained from other people, either by taking out loans from banks or by selling ownership shares of the business to other people. High personal motivation to compete requires private ownership of productive resources (such as land, factories, and ships) and minimal government interference with production or trade. According to capitalist theory, individual initiative, talent, and hard work are rewarded with success and wealth, and individual political and economic rights are protected.

两大经济制度II： 社会主义经济体系

At the other theoretical extreme is the purely socialist system, which assumes that the wisest and fairest allocation of resources is achieved through government planning of what is produced and who gets it at what cost. Most enterprises are initiated and financed by the government. All resources of production are owned by the state, on the assumption that private ownership causes greed and leads to the exploitation of workers by owners. According to socialist theory, people contribute their work and talents to society not for personal gain but for the social good; and the government provides benefits for people fairly, on the basis of their relative needs, not their talent and effort. The welfare of the society as a whole is regarded as being more important than the rights of any individuals.

There are, however, no nations with economic systems at either the capitalist or the socialist extreme; rather, the world’s countries have at least some elements of both. Such a mixture is understandable in practical terms.

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Q:什么是 GRE 作文中的经济主题？
A:GRE 作文中的经济主题通常涉及经济现象、经济政策、经济体系等方面的讨论。
Q:两大经济学领域是什么？
A:一般来说，两大经济学领域是微观经济学和宏观经济学。
Q:资本主义经济体系的主要特点是什么？
A:资本主义经济体系通常以私有制为基础，市场机制起主导作用，追求利润最大化。
Q:社会主义经济体系的主要特点是什么？
A:社会主义经济体系以公有制为主体，强调社会公平和共同富裕，实行计划经济与市场经济相结合。
Q:GRE 作文中如何论述经济主题？
A:可以从不同角度分析经济现象、提出观点并给出论据支持，例如从经济理论、历史案例、现实数据等方面进行论述。
Q:微观经济学主要研究什么？
A:微观经济学主要研究个体经济单位的经济行为，如消费者、生产者的决策以及市场结构等。
Q:宏观经济学主要研究什么？
A:宏观经济学主要研究整个经济总体的运行，包括经济增长、通货膨胀、失业率等宏观经济变量。
Q:资本主义经济体系有哪些优势？
A:资本主义经济体系具有较高的经济效率、创新动力强等优势。
Q:社会主义经济体系有哪些优势？
A:社会主义经济体系具有注重公平、保障民生、能够进行宏观调控等优势。
Q:在 GRE 作文中如何对比资本主义经济体系和社会主义经济体系？
A:可以从经济效率、公平性、稳定性等方面进行对比分析，结合具体案例和理论进行论述。
Q:什么是经济学？
A:经济学是一门社会科学，研究商品和服务的生产、分配、贸易和消费。它主要分为微观经济学和宏观经济学两个分支。
Q:微观经济学主要研究什么？
A:微观经济学研究个体经济主体，如家庭和企业，处理诸如资源分配、生产、分配、贸易和竞争等方面。
Q:宏观经济学主要考虑什么？
A:宏观经济学将经济作为一个整体来考虑，考虑货币、资本和商品的总供给和总需求。
Q:资本主义经济体系的特点是什么？
A:资本主义经济体系假设自由竞争能产生最佳的稀缺资源分配、最大的生产力和效率以及最低的成本。决策由消费者和企业在市场中自然做出，高个人竞争动力需要生产资源的私人所有权和最小化的政府对生产或贸易的干预。
Q:社会主义经济体系的特点是什么？
A:社会主义经济体系假设通过政府规划生产和分配能实现最明智和公平的资源分配。大多数企业由政府发起和资助，所有生产资源归国家所有，人们为社会利益而非个人利益贡献工作和才能，政府根据相对需求公平地为人们提供福利。
Q:主流经济学如何看待价格？
A:主流经济学认为价格反映了供给和需求，并使用方程来预测决策